Documentation
Non-scholarly Sources - In-text - Reference List
Scholarly Sources - In-text - Reference List
For bibliographical information and format, see Purdue University’s OWL interactive site, especially APA, MLA, and avoiding plagiarism. I strongly suggest familiarizing yourself with documentation format as soon as possible, so that you’ll be sure to collect the necessary type of information as you go along. Pay particular attention to the sections that explain what plagiarism is and how to avoid it.
In the following paragraphs I’ll touch on Nicholas Carr's argument about learning and memory. I'll include screen grabs of OWL pages to remind you to go to this site for details on in-text citations and bibliographical entries.
Non-Scholarly Sources
If you were writing an essay on Carr’s argument about the dangers of the Internet, you might want to look at his model of memory. The video below gives a cartoon version of it:
Another video (below) gives the view of memory developed by the Portuguese neurologist Antonio Damasio. While this video is very rigorous, it isn't technically scholarly in that it doesn't identify sources or specific studies. Of course, feel free to use such sources, or any source for that matter. Just make sure that you also include scholarly sources as well. Watching videos and reading popular books and articles is a very helpful way to generate ideas, yet you must also bring in scholarly sources.
To cite this video, look for bibliographical format in the Purdue University Online Writing Lab or OWL. The address for APA format is https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_style_introduction.html.
Following the OWL examples, you can cite and reference the video in the following ways:
In-text
Whereas Carr's view of memory suggests that a distraction can stop the formation of memory, Damasio ("How Memory Works," n.d.) suggests that many factors, in addition to degree of distraction or attention, come into play.
Reference List
Damasio, A. How Memory Works [Youtube video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=kwo2WxM87-g
Note that while reference lists usually indent the second line, this indent can become awkward when using different electronic platforms. I suggest not using an indent and adding a space between entries.
Scholarly Sources
While videos may be very helpful in generating ideas, you also need to bring in written sources which have detailed, contextualized arguments as well as documented sources. Here, for instance, is a page from an ebook version of Damasio's The Strange Order of Things: Life, Feeling, and the Making of Cultures (2018):
Following the OWL examples, cite and reference the ebook in the following ways:
In-Text
Whereas Carr focuses on attention as the key factor in memory creation, Damasio (2018) expands the number of factors, so that memory is "related to elaborate images of every sensory sort, experienced in isolation or as part of the narratives that flow in our minds" (Expanding Minds ch. 6, A Note on Memory section 5, para. 3).
Reference List
Damasio, A. (2018). The Strange Order of Things: Life, Feeling, and the Making of Cultures [iBooks version]. Retrieved from Apple.com. LCCN identifier: 2017019925; Ebook ISBN 9780307908766.
Here’s a snapshot of MLA vs. APA bibliographical format.
